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Hamrick v Hamrick [1973] TTLawRp 19; 6 TTR 252 (19 June 1973)

6 TTR 252

TRIAL DIVISION OF THE HIGH COURT

MARIANA ISLANDS DISTRICT

Civil Action No. 36-73

WILLIAM ROBERT HAMRICK

Plaintiff

v.

RODDY MARIE HAMRICK

Defendant

June 19, 1973

Divorce action by husband, who had been in the territory eight months, against wife, who resided in Guam. The Trial Division of the High Court, Harold W. Burnett, Chief Justice, held the court did not have jurisdiction where statute required two years' residence, and that the statute did not deny equal protection.

1. Domestic Relations-Divorce-Jurisdiction

To grant a divorce, a court must have jurisdiction over the res, or marriage, which follows the domicile of the spouses. (39 TTC § 202.)

2. Residence-Domicile

In general, residency can be viewed as a manifestation of domicile.

3. Statutes-Validity-Tests

A court should be reluctant to invalidate a legislative act unless it is clear that the act is in violation of the legislative body's power; and when an act is valid on its face, it is not fitting to impute unacceptable motives to the legislature in the absence of evidence of such.

4. Domestic Relations-Divorce-Jurisdiction

Where statute required two years' residence to file for divorce, it was not within court's discretion to violate it in favor of husband suing wife, a Guam domiciliary, for divorce even though he had been in the Trust Territory for only eight months, merely because wife did not contest the action and even requested the entry of a default against her and the decision would thus not be subject to collateral attack. (39 TTC § 202)

5. Constitutional Law-Residency Requirements-Divorce

The Trust Territory is not a state of the United States and for many purposes is considered a foreign state or territory under United States administration; and its citizens are not citizens of the United States; thus, while the territory must insure equal protection and freedom of migration within the territory under the TTC, it is under no obligation to insure to non-citizens the right to immigrate at will, and residency requirement of two years to file for divorce could not be attacked as a denial of the rights to travel and equal protection. (39 TTC § 202)

BURNETT, Chief Justice

This is a divorce action. Plaintiff husband has now resided in Saipan for somewhat more than eight months. Defendant wife resides on Guam. She has accepted service and does not contest the action. In fact, she has requested that the case be determined by default against herself. Both parties have already entered into a settlement agreement.

The problem presented is whether this court has jurisdiction over this matter, since the plaintiff has not fulfilled the residency requirements of 39 TTC § 202, which states that "No divorce shall be granted unless one of the parties shall have resided in the Trust Territory for two years next preceding the filing of the complaint. "

Plaintiff relies in part upon the case of Yang v. Yang, 5 T.T.R. 427 (1971), in which the Trial Division of the High Court, Ponape District, declared 39 TTC § 202 invalid as a denial of equal protection.

[1, 2] In order for a court to have the power to grant a divorce, it must have jurisdiction over the res, or marriage status, and that res follows the domicile of the spouses. 24 Am. Jur., Divorce and Separation, § 246. In 1945, the Supreme Court recognized domicile as a necessary requirement for jurisdiction. Williams v. North Carolina, 65 S.Ct. 1092 (1945), a case which has been extensively cited since that time in state court decisions. In general, residency can be viewed as a manifestation of domicile, and almost every state has some residency requirement.

In striking down the statute in question, the Ponape Court relied extensively upon Whitehead v. Whitehead, 38 L.W. 2577 (Hawaii Family Ct. 3rd Cir. (1970)), which in turn relied upon Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U.S. 618 (1969).

In Shapiro, state statutes required a residency of one year to qualify for welfare benefits. The court noted that the laws created two classes of people, indistinguishable, except for residency, and that they resulted in a classification amounting to invidious discrimination. In order to preserve the classifications, the states were required to show compelling governmental interests.

One of the purposes asserted by the states was to discourage an influx of needy people. Such a purpose was ruled impermissible, infringing upon the right to travel.

At P. 1331, the court rejected the argument that a mere showing of a rational relationship between the waiting period and other permissible objectives was all that was required, declaring that a classification restricting interstate movement required a compelling government interest.

In Whitehead, the Hawaii court applied the Shapiro case to Hawaii's one year residency requirement for divorce and concluded that the requirement served no compelling state interest but created two classes of people one of which could acquire a divorce and one of which could not, thus denying the latter equal protection of the law. The court believed that a compelling state interest was required because the right to travel was affected. In fact, the court saw no reasonable relation to a legitimate governmental objective. This case, upon which the Ponape court relied, was reversed by the Hawaii Supreme Court in Whitehead v. Whitehead, 40 L.W. 2493 (January 19, 1971). The second Whitehead opinion opted for the reasonable relation test and declared that residency requirements are a means of insuring a good faith intention to remain; in other words, a way of determining that a "domicile" and, hence, jurisdiction exists. The court admitted that no particular length of residence is required, but "the states are justified in requiring an objective test of the establishment of domicile, such as is provided in the residential requirement for divorce, because of the possibility of perjury if the finding on that issue is made dependent upon the testimony of an interested party." In other words, the court was saying that if the residency requirement were done away with, "domicile" must be determined separately in each case and would hinge on such things· as the intent of the parties. The court avoided the "compelling state interest" requirement by distinguishing the case from Shapiro. First, it noted that the statutes in Shapiro were specifically designed to exclude indigents from the jurisdictions imposing the restrictions. Second, the relief which was denied involved basic necessities of life. Third, the efficacy of the requirement in accomplishing its goals (exclusion from the state) was great. The Hawaii court considered the convergence of these factors as constituting a substantial interference with the right to travel. In contrast, the divorce requirements were not designed to exclude people requiring divorce from the state, but to ensure domicile. The relief denied (divorce) is not of the nature of an urgent necessity of life which cannot be delayed, and, the court declares, the "probability of a residency requirement deterring interstate travel is too remote to render it invalid." Without commenting upon the third contention, we agree that in the other respects, Shapiro is distinguishable from the situation at hand.

In a late 1972 case, the Ohio Supreme Court also rejected the Shapiro decision as restricting a state's right to impose residency requirements for divorces. Coleman v. Coleman, 41 L.W. 2340 (12/15/72). The Court declared that "the privilege of obtaining a divorce is not a basic need." It went on to declare that the state did, indeed, have a compelling interest in that it must see that divorces are not granted to non-residents over whom it has no jurisdiction. It also, like Hawaii, declares that the law was not designed to prevent people seeking divorces from entering the state, while it "does provide for a reasonable deferral of application for divorce, thus encouraging a new examination of the marriage to see if the move has resolved the differences." It should be pointed out, however, that the Ohio law excepts from the one year requirement actions for alimony alone, thus providing for any immediate basic needs.

In support of his position, plaintiff cites Alves v. Alves, 38 L.W. 2487 (D.C.Ct.App. (2/17/70)), a case in which an alien had resided in Washington for one year with a "floating intention" to return to his homeland in the event he became unemployed. The court accepted his domicile as being in Washington and proceeded to accept jurisdiction. The case, however, is not in point. The wife had attacked the husband's legal capacity to become a domiciliary and contended he was required to become a "permanent" resident under U.S. standards (as opposed to the District of Columbia). Those were the only questions decided. There was no consideration of whether or not the legislature could mandate a residency requirement as a means of proving domicile.

[3] More to the point, plaintiff also cites Wymelenberg v. Syman, 328 F.Supp. 1353 (E.D. Wis. June 1971). In that case, decided before Coleman, a federal court did rule unconstitutional a Wisconsin statute requiring two years of residency before filing for divorce. That court also relied upon Shapiro, which we do not feel specifically applicable in the present case, especially since one of the purposes of the Wisconsin act was actually to prevent those with marital problems from entering the state. That was clearly an impermissible objective and, as such, clearly violative of the right to travel. In this respect, Wymelenberg is in accord with Shapiro, which involved a statute designed to prevent indigents from traveling. However, neither Hawaii nor Ohio claimed such an impermissible objective, and there is no evidence to indicate that the Trust Territory intended such a purpose. A court should be reluctant to invalidate an act of the lawmaking body unless it is clear that the act in question is a violation of that body's power. When an act is valid on its face, it is not fitting to impute unacceptable motives to the legislature in the absence of any such evidence. Almost every state in the United States has passed a residency requirement of some kind for divorce. Am. Jur. 2d. Desk Book, Doc. 125, Supp. 1971. In only one jurisdiction has such a requirement been struck down, and there the legislature specifically claimed an impermissible objective.

The Trust Territory has an interest in seeing that divorces are not granted to non-residents over whom it has no jurisdiction. A residency requirement is a rational, objective test to indicate that a person intends to domicile within the territory. Without it, the courts would be forced to determine in each case what the intentions of the parties are. The present case indicates the difficulties that could arise, as the original filing claimed a residency in the Trust Territory of only "more than three months." Moreover, the two year requirement has special logic in the Trust Territory as large numbers of American citizens come here on contract with the government, and two years is the common term of these contracts. The Congress may well have felt that only those who chose to remain beyond that term had an intent to domicile.

[4] Plaintiff also points out that even if the court granted the decree in violation of 39 TTC § 202, it could only be attacked by motion or appeal. It is not within the scope of our discretion to violate an act of Congress merely because our decision is not subject to collateral attack.

[5] There is a further important circumstance which should be considered. The foregoing discussion and cases have centered around equal protection as it relates to a denial of the right to interstate travel. The Trust Territory is not a state of the United States. For many purposes it is considered a foreign state or a foreign territory under the administration of the United States. Its citizens are not citizens of the United States. Thus, while it must insure equal protection (1 TTC § 4) and freedom of migration and movement within the Trust Territory (1 TTC § 8), it is under no obligation to insure to non-citizens the right to immigrate at will. There has been no showing that the statute in any way inhibits free movement from one district to another.

The Court finds that 39 TTC § 202 is not a denial of equal protection and that the Court has no jurisdiction over this action.

Motion for decree denied.